History

CHapter 1
What is history??
History is the record and study of past human events that shaped the way the world is today..

WHy learn from the past??

to learn from successes and failures

1. to understand important lessons


2. to understand and respect one another


3. to develop critical thinking skills

continuity

A process in which something has remained the SAME over time.

Change

A process by which something has become DIFFERENT over time.

CHAPTER 2

What are sources ?

• sources are collection of EVIDENCE or proof


• historians study DIFFERENT sources to put together an accuratePICTURE of the past


• sources can be divided into 2 catergories

Primary sources --> information provided by people who participated directly in or witnessed the events.

Secondary sources --> the records of people who did not participate directly in or witness the events they described.These record are the result of the study and investigation of primary sources...

sources can be further divided into 4 types.

• written evidence


• pictorial evidence


• oral evidence


• Artefacts

they are just what they sound like...lazy to type any further :P

Archaeology --> study of biological remains and objects made and used by people in the past

Three Cs test to prove the reliability of the sources

Credibility / Consistency /Corroborration

Fact ->information that is true

opinon->what a person thinks or believes to be true which others might not agree with.

CHAPTER 3

what is a civilisation?
It is a place where people live in cities and have an advanced culture.

What is a cradle of civilisation?
The cradle of civilisation refers to the place where a civilisation first began.

There are serveral factors that led to the rise of civilisation that start near water?
Rivers provide water that can be used for drinking and watering crops. The soil near water tend to be fertile, this fertile soil would make it easier to grow crops. Food like fish can also be caught in the rivers. The rivers provided a means of transport for the people to trade and travel long distances.

what are the different features of a civilisation?Give examples of these features.

One of such features are goverments, an example of governments would be rulers like qin shi huang. Another one of such features would be a variety of occupations like farmers, builders ,traders and craftsmen.one of the features is complex beliefs like chirstainity, buddism and hinduism.Another such feature would be a writing system like the pictogram. ANother such feature would be science and arts like statues , carvings and medicine.

What is the different between an empire and a kingdom?

A kingdom is an area ruled by the king while an empire is ruled by an emperor.

Indus valley civilisation

The cradle of the indus valley civilisation wa on the plains of the Indus River.

• it began around 3000 BCE
• Darvidians(dark-skinned people) settled in the indus plains
• Built cities like harrapa and mohenjo-daro

what were the features of the indus valley civilisation?

• Government

cities were well planned with public buildings like the drainage system(to bring water to houses and bring waste material away), a citadel(a fort for defense purposes), Grainary (to store grains)and the great bath(used for religious bathing).